Victorias Secret Pink

Analyze the buyer decision process of a typical pink customer Consumers generally follow a certain decision-making process when buying products, particularly new or expensive items. They undergo five steps that include: recognition of need, search information, evaluation of alternatives, purchase, and after purchase behavior. These five steps represent a general process that can be used as a guide for studying how consumers make decisions.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Victoria’s Secret Pink specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note, though, that consumers’ decisions do not always proceed in order through all of these steps. In fact, the consumer may end the process at any time or may not even purchase products from the Victoria Secrets.  According to the market research females, on average, have a larger deep limbic system than males, implying that they are more in touch wit h their feelings as compared to men. It follows, then, that women are also tapped into emotionally charged images. Psychologists at the State University of New York and Stanford University found that, though emotion-evoking photographs were more likely than emotionally flat images to stick in the brains of both men and women, women were able to remember more of the emotional images over time than could men (Barney 114). Women use more of their brains to process emotional images. They have been found to have an increased ability to bond with and be connected to others-which equip them generally to be the best shoppers. A woman’s brain functions differently than a man’s in decision making. This is not a debate about which gender’s brain is better, per se, because each is simply different in form and function. Understanding these differences gives Victoria Secrets a sound basis from which to launch consideration of female-focused marketing approaches. Apply the con cept of aspirational groups to Victoria Secret’s pink line. Should marketers have boundaries with regard to this concept? The appeals given are some of the appeals which make use of reference group concepts. A reference group in this context is a set of people with whom consumers of Pink products compare themselves to shape their attitudes, values, knowledge and behavior (including buying behavior). These concepts are used by Victoria Secret brands in a number of situations and celebrity usage is one of the vital applications of reference groups. A brand would derive value from celebrity associations if celebrity usage is done in a conceptual manner. Marketers would need to maintain boundaries and understand the aspirational groups with which target consumers may like to associate themselves.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These aspirational groups would have to be represented in a manner which would appeal to target consumers. There could be three kinds of reference groups. The aspirational group is one which the young teens admire and like to emulate but they are not members. The consumer does not have a face-to-face contact with this group and hence it is a secondary group. Explain how both positive and negative consumer attitudes toward a brand like pink develop? How might someone’s attitude toward pink change? In general, the strength of one’s elaboration likelihood will determine the type of process by which attitudes towards the advertised brand will be formed or changed. The persuasion model in indicates two mechanisms, by which persuasion occurs: at the top, a central route; and at the bottom, a peripheral route. Under certain circumstances, attitudes towards the advertised brand have a high probability of being changed in the direction of the experienced emotion; positive emotional reactions leading to positive bran d attitudes, and negative reactions leading to negative attitudes. Also, because the consumer’s elaboration likelihood is high, it can be expected that any attitude change experienced under the central route will be relatively enduring. Message-based persuasion Attitude formation process results from processing message arguments. When Pink consumers are sufficiently motivated and are able to process a message’s specific arguments or selling points, their cognitive responses may lead to changes in beliefs about the advertised brand or to changes in evaluations of the importance of the brand’s attributes and benefits. In either or both cases, the result is a change in attitude towards the brand. This process is based on the theory of reasoned action (TORA), which proposes that all forms of planned and reasoned behavior have two primary determinants: attitudes and normative influences. What role does pink appear to be playing in the self-concept of Tweens, teens, a nd young adults? Consumption types, whether symbolic, compensatory or voracious, are closely connected to the development of the self, and often intersect through the use of dress. Likewise, as a client at Victoria Secrets goes through a role transition, he or she will likely choose objects believed to signify the new role. Participants often allude to specific brands of clothing as future consumption goals. We therefore, consider the role of brands like Pink within symbolic consumption at various stages of teens, teens and adults, and to the ultimate transformation of the self. Brands and the Self Brands provide benefits to the consumer. For instance, Barney argues that brands can act as consumers’ partners and that â€Å"consumer-brand relationships are valid at the level of lived experience† (112).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Victoria’s Secret Pink specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A search for the common ground between a brand and consumer has resulted in the development of five dimensions of the brand-consumer relationship: sincerity, excitement, competence, sophistication, and ruggedness (Berry 16). These five dimensions are perceptions identified and defined by the consumer, which serve as symbols of the similarity between the product’s attributes and uses. The relationship between the consumer and a brand requires a degree of emotional commitment from both parties. Branding that appeals to the consumer’s emotions, allows the brand and consumer to together construct their own â€Å"story: which in turn, justifies further use of the brand Works Cited Barney, Hansen. â€Å"Trustworthiness as a Source of Competitive Advantage.† Building New Forms of Cooperation in a Volatile Economy. (2009): 112-18. Print. Berry, Bendapudi. â€Å"Clueing in Customers†. Communicating in times of Uncertainty. (2002): 2-29. Print. This case study on Victoria’s Secret Pink was written and submitted by user GwenStacy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on J.P. Stevens

J.P. STEVENS â€Å"An embarrassment to the business community.† -Fortune magazine, 1978, describing J.P. Stevens Co.1 In 1963, Shirley Hobbes was employed at J.P. Stevens cotton plant in Roanoke Rapids, South Carolina. Her job was to sort napkins into firsts and seconds. Hobbes was good at what she did, and on an average day, she could sort and count 8,500 napkins. On October 6, 1963, she wrote a letter to J.P. Stevens informing the company that she had joined the union’s organizing committee. Three days later, Shirley Hobbes was summoned by the company supervisor, who told her that she was being discharged for having been several napkins short in her count. Months before Shirley allegedly undercounted her napkins, James Walden decided to become one of the first J.P. Stevens employees to join the Textile Workers Union of America (TWUA). Soon company officials posted his name on a shop wall, and one week later James Walden was fired for tying doubles at Stevens. The day after Walden was fired, three of his coworkers told J.P. Stevens management that they had offered their resignation to the union. The three were then told that they would have to prove themselves by disclosing information on union activities. Idolene Steel, Charles Knight, Arthur Knight, and two others were the first five Stevens workers to join TWUA in 1963. Their names were subsequently posted on the company bulletin board by mill managers and the next day all five were discharged. According to the company, C. Knight and Steel lost their jobs for failing to clean their equipment properly. There was no evidence that any Stevens worker had ever been fired for this reason before. A. Knight lost his job for allegedly having neglected to piece together the ends of certain materials. Knight later testified that he knew of no other worker who had been fired on these grounds.2 In 1963, when J.P. Stevens first learned that th... Free Essays on J.P. Stevens Free Essays on J.P. Stevens J.P. STEVENS â€Å"An embarrassment to the business community.† -Fortune magazine, 1978, describing J.P. Stevens Co.1 In 1963, Shirley Hobbes was employed at J.P. Stevens cotton plant in Roanoke Rapids, South Carolina. Her job was to sort napkins into firsts and seconds. Hobbes was good at what she did, and on an average day, she could sort and count 8,500 napkins. On October 6, 1963, she wrote a letter to J.P. Stevens informing the company that she had joined the union’s organizing committee. Three days later, Shirley Hobbes was summoned by the company supervisor, who told her that she was being discharged for having been several napkins short in her count. Months before Shirley allegedly undercounted her napkins, James Walden decided to become one of the first J.P. Stevens employees to join the Textile Workers Union of America (TWUA). Soon company officials posted his name on a shop wall, and one week later James Walden was fired for tying doubles at Stevens. The day after Walden was fired, three of his coworkers told J.P. Stevens management that they had offered their resignation to the union. The three were then told that they would have to prove themselves by disclosing information on union activities. Idolene Steel, Charles Knight, Arthur Knight, and two others were the first five Stevens workers to join TWUA in 1963. Their names were subsequently posted on the company bulletin board by mill managers and the next day all five were discharged. According to the company, C. Knight and Steel lost their jobs for failing to clean their equipment properly. There was no evidence that any Stevens worker had ever been fired for this reason before. A. Knight lost his job for allegedly having neglected to piece together the ends of certain materials. Knight later testified that he knew of no other worker who had been fired on these grounds.2 In 1963, when J.P. Stevens first learned that th...

Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage - Essay Example When a state refuses or bans same-sex marriage, it is being discriminatory and is in violation of the 14th Amendment, which requires each state to provide equality in law for all of its people (Urbina). This includes marriage regardless of the genders of those in the couple. California’s Proposition 8, a proposition that denies gay couples the right to marry, goes against the protection of equal rights that the 14th Amendment offers to all American citizens. Likewise, the 1st Amendment is also in violation when gay couples are denied marriage, as the amendment speaks for the separation of church and state (â€Å"Religion’s Role†). According to Geoffrey Stone, numerous polls have revealed that there is a strong correlation between the passing of Proposition 8 and particular religious beliefs. In passing Proposition 8, religion should not have been taken into consideration or allowed influence over opinions. The most logical and obvious reason that people oppose sa me-sex marriage is because of religious beliefs and biblical arguments, which really are not enough to prove why gay marriages should not be allowed.

Relationship Marketing and Customer Service Article

Relationship Marketing and Customer Service - Article Example Repeat orders will go to those sellers who have done the best job or nurturing these relationships." The changes in the global business environment necessitates relationship marketing in order for business organizations to compete more efficiently, attract potential, and retain current customers. According to the words of the marketing guru Philip Kotler (2005), the current business arena is turning "hypercompetitive" characterised by the presence of more intense competition among industry rivals and more bargaining power from customers. Thus, in order to survive and succeed in their markets, companies are required to rethink and revamp their current strategies and put their customers into center (Kotler 2005). These trends and developments in the market put strong pressure on companies and put into spotlight relationship marketing. Relationship marketing is an idea which dates back as far as 1960s evolving from direct response marketing during the period. Its reemergence in the 1980s is prompted by the initial research done by Leonard Berry and Jag Sheth at Emory which states that, "What is surprising is that researchers and businessmen have concentrated far more on how to attract customers to products and services than to retain them" (Pressey and Matthews 2000, pg. 272) Relationship marketing has been elaborated and broadened by the marketing theorists Theodeore Levitt in 1983. Relationship marketing is defined as "a philos... Relationship marketing thereby marks a transition from the traditional marketing approach of finding more customers for a product. In essence, relationship marketing is in recognition that a customer contributes to an organization his lifetime purchases of the company's product if it is able to design marketing strategies which can cultivate loyalty and develop good relationships (Kotler 2005). From its origin, relationship marketing has introduced a radical change on how business organizations think and conduct their operations. Traditionally companies have focused on attracting customers thereby facilitating only one-time transactions. However, the loyalty of a customer for a product and brand will facilitate repeat sales transactions thereby enhancing the firm's total profit and revenue. Thus, it becomes imperative for companies to long-term relationship with customers rather than on individual transactions by understanding the needs of the current customer as they go through their life cycles (Relationship Marketing 2007). Developing strong relationship with customer is strongly dependent on ensuring the delivery of satisfaction and delight. Levitt likens company's relationship with its customers into marriage: "The sale, then, merely consummates the courtship at which point the marriages begins The quality of marriage determines whether there will be continued or expan ded business, or trouble, or divorce" (Berger 2006). The expansion and facilitation of this new strategic approach to marketing can be directly credited to the advancement in technology specifically the establishment of customer relationship

TV seriies ( 60 Minutes) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TV seriies ( 60 Minutes) - Essay Example Be it a good or a bad issue that they are showing, it gives enough knowledge about my surroundings and helps me with my judgments and views. The first time I saw 60 minutes on TV, I thought, â€Å"What does this show has to offer? What good can it give me? Is it worth watching?† Then a friend of mine, who happened to love this show, told me that this is not any ordinary show. She loved it for the reason that it allows the viewers to see the ‘real thing’ in celebrities, in ordinary people, in the government and all the other issues that are likewise hidden from the people. I watched the segment wherein President Obama and his wife were interviewed and was satisfied that this show has done something like this for the nation, including me, to know someone so great like Obama. I heard in the news that this segment was the most watched episode of 60 minutes, and it has done a great effect to the show. I think that this show has somewhat improvised a new genre in the field of journalism and mass media, which is great for me, since I’m quite interested in journalism. The effect this show has on me is a good and helpful one that is why I consider it as my all-time favorite among all TV series. The fact that I can answer well when others ask me about certain issues in our country makes me feel knowledgeable. They thought of me as a keen observer, thanks to 60 minutes. It is with this show’s help that I can be aware and maybe even helpful to our country when the time comes. I am even inspired to write for the show, maybe

Company needs to analyze the general environment

Company needs to analyze the general environment A large company needs to analyze the general environment when making global strategy and doing international business. Included by the general environment, the terms of demographic, economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological and global have different impacts on the strategy of a company. Demographic In the term of demographic, it can be divided into two factors, gender and age, which are important to the market of Nike, because Nike, a large multinational company, has stores in almost all regions over the world, and the strategy making can be focused on these two factors. Focused on the gender, the market of female is great and the need of sportswear for women is high. Firstly, the women sports players are getting more and more professional and begin to stand on the stage of the world high level games such as Olympic Games and grand slam in tennis, which makes female sports players and their fans have a need of sportswear. Secondly, with the development of the society of most countries, women are getting aware the importance of their rights (Foster, 2001), which helps them have a thought of taking sports like males. Also, in the term of age, Nike has a market of middle aged people in some countries especially in China, and it can provide casual sportswear to meet the target customers needs. First of all, though Nike used Jordan to make advertisement several years ago and changed the person who cooperates with the company, the fans of the heroes will not change and still have a need of Nike sportswear (Jung, 2005). Also, after entering the Chinese market in 1995, the revenue of Nike is stably growing and gains a group of people who have high loyalty of the Nike brand (Jung, 2005), and the age of these loyal customers is getting higher, which may become a huge needs of sportswear suitable for middle aged people. Through demographic, the females and middle aged people may have a huge need of Nike sportswear and will become a large market. And, when Nike is meeting the youngsters needs of profession, the middle aged customers may have more needs of fitness rather than competition. So Nike can design some new series of sportswear to meet their needs. Political/legal To save the cost is essential for a large company like Nike; Asian sourcing has allowed low manufacturing costs relative to the quality of the products. Thus, Asian sourcing has always been nearly as central to Nike strategy as using famous athletes to attest to the virtues of Nike equipment in athletic performances (Kahle, Boush and Phelps, 2000, p43). However, Nike is blamed for using low labor in low cost lacking of humanity. Nike seems to pay salaries lower than the standard given by the Indian government (Jung, 2005). This problem will leave really negative influences on Nike. Also, outsourcing production to factories in Vietnam and labors are used without human rights, such as working overtime and being neglected the health situation, brings out conflicts between the company and the society. Nike may lose its reputation among customers, and the brand of Nike may become not as cool as it should be. When the challenge started coming about labor conditions in Vietnam and Southeast Asia and other parts of the world, everyone heard about Nike workers without, of course, making the distinction that they were contract workers. When all of this was going on, about a third of the senior managers were in tears during the meeting. They were embarrassed- with their neighbors, their families, and their friends- by being Nike employees. Said Schwartz (2000, p8) The legality of labor using should be concerned by Nike even it just outsource the production to other factories, because the legality may affect Nikes reputation a lot. And both the revenue and the royalty of customers will be affected by the changes of reputation. So, the legality is what manufacturing companies like Nike has to concern about, because society confirms a businesss legitimacy, and failure to consider societal impact can destroy a reputation. (Schwartz, 2000, p7) Economic The economic situation for a country should be concerned by companies doing international business like Nike, because peoples budget that affects the marketing potential is influenced by the economy and financial policy of the country. Since the needs of the market will depend on the budget and economic behavior of people (Boje, 2001), companies should think about the economic term. With the broken out of subprime crisis, the economy of US is going worse, and a large number of countries, such as Iceland, have been negatively influenced, which will lead to a retrench of budget and the market. Also, in countries who are sensitive to finance such as US, UK and Swiss, people are going with the budget strictly (Francesco and Gold, 2001, p27), and with the downward economic situation, the market may get smaller. However, the markets in the regions not affected greatly such as Asia and Middle Eastern is more stable relatively. Under this kind of situation, the needs of products and the market should become lower and smaller. Also, with the growth of the cost, it may lead to a reduction of revenue in the whole and restrict the development of Nike in the worldwide market though Nike may have the capability to keep the market share and still win the competition among Adidas, Puma and Nike. Sociocultural As a sportswear company, Nike needs to know what the socioculture, a persons understanding of sports, should be in a region or a field of sports events. First of all, it is found that people are always showing the respect to heroes, especially the sports heroes in real life (Jung, 2005), so companies including Nike uses excellent sports players like Jordan to make film and advertisements for it in order to develop peoples adoration to the heroes so that the needs will be created. Also, because of the culture of success adoration, the needs may get enhanced if fans of the heroes feel that Nike can make positive effects on them. And Nike got additional market value when Tiger is in contention to win and a positive impact on his performance because of Nikes products is believed by the society (Farrell, Karels and McClatchey, 2000, p3). However, people in different areas have different sociocultures on sport events, such as soccer for Europe and basketball for US, so when making strategi es, Nike can try to identify the different needs in the target markets. So, to understand the socioculture of a region can help companies like Nike define its target market and find an appropriate way to make marketing and promotion. Also, according to the sports culture of an area and the needs of target market, to communicate with local players and design a product with them might be helpful in terms of both market and technology. Technological Customers nowadays have higher requirements on the technology of the products. Firstly, people are more captious than before. The technology of Nike Air gets blamed because people find that the air cannot support feet enough and may lead to injury(CBC News, 2006). Also, people need Nikes products be made with the technology of not only fitness and safety but also fashionable and cool one such as IT technology. Nike is working with Apple and produce Nike+ with a sensor connecting iPod in order to meet peoples needs. The needs of hi-tech make companies like Nike and IT companies like Apple come together, working out a strategy and making innovation in order to enhance the strength of them and achieve the markets needs. Global With the pace of globalization, areas in different parts of the world get connection and MNCs are setting more and more stores in different regions. Though Nike has great quantity of store all over the world, it can control all the stores at the same time (Hansen and Nohria, 2006, p12). However, though countries go closer because of the globalization, special needs in different cultures are still exist, which makes Nikes products have some differences when selling in different regions. This situation leaves Nikes products a diversification even in one series. But too diversified products will lead to a mass in the market and make customers feel confusing (Hemp, 2006, p50). Nike should make some differences in its products in order to meet different needs, but the standardization of products should also be focused. So, to make the balance between centralization and diversification of the products is what Nike should concern about in the global market. Industrial Environment In the term of industrial environment, the five forces model created by Michael Porter will be used to analyze Nike. Rivalry among competing firms Since Nike is an international company that has their product selling worldwide, it has countless of competitors, including many domestic local firms. However, only a few international companies are Nikes major competitors, such as Adidas, Reebok and Puma. Also, merger makes the athletics industry more concentrated. Nike bought Converse in 2003 and Adidas bought Reebok in August 2005, and half of the worldwide market is shared by these two top players (Jung, 2005). And, the notable companies such as Adidas, New Balance have different values and markets. Nike has a main market for US basketball while Adidass is European soccer and fashion and casual sports for New Balance, which makes them have different markets and target customers. However, to enter a new market like soccer is not easy for Nike even it made great efforts. Nike worked with Google to create joga.com, an Orkut-like site for soccer fans (Christopher, 2008, p6) in order to develop the soccer market which is defined as on e of the most important in terms of growth rate (Pagliano, 2004). So the rivalry among competing firms is low because there are few companies with strong competing power, but the competition among large companies is great. And, if Nike wants to develop the soccer market in Europe, the great investment on advertising and a method of changing the classic and traditional culture of Europeans should be concerned. Threat of new entrants Top players, such as Nike, Adidas and Puma, in the footwear industry made a high entry barrier to reduce the threat of new comers. First of all, these companies put a great investment on advertisement and marketing. Nike had 50 sponsored Athletes win a gold medal in Athens 2004. Adidas spent $80 million for the Official Sportswear partner title in Beijing 2008. And the high investment makes new firms hard to compete with them, even enter the market because sales for companies in this industry mainly depend on the marketing performance (Christopher, 2008, p6). Innovation is another way to keep a lead on would be competitors. Companies are making efforts to develop their technology and create new functions such as Nike+, the sensor connecting with iPod, which can not only gain more customers but also keep new firms with low technology out of the worldwide market. However, though Nike and Adidas are leading the market, a local company, Li-Ning, came to the worldwide market. Li-Ning sponsors 4 Chinese teams for the Olympics, and its products are about half as expensive as those of its foreign rivals, and its network of stores dwarfs that of any other player (Terjesen, 2007), which might be the advantage for Li-Ning. So, local companies may succeed to enter the local market and use its low price as advantage to compete with leaders though the entering barrier is high. Nike should focus on the new comers with both the development of technology and lower price who might become a strong threat to top players in the future when making strategies, even though these local companies cannot compete with Nike today. Threats of substitutes Since athletic shoes and sportswear are designed to improve comfort and personal safety during sports, the substitutes for athletic footwear products are low because there are little alternatives to switch. Though people except athletes are still likely to use boots or sandals to substitute sportswear, doing sports is an essential and basic factor in peoples life and the need of sportswear is exist for everyone. Therefore, there are no real substitutes for athletic footwear and sportswear. Bargaining power of supplier In order to reduce the cost, Nike make outsourcing of their process of production to low labor cost countries, mainly China and Vietnam. Nikes products are manufactured in more than 700 factories and more than 500,000 workers in 51 countries, but only over 20000 direct employees for Nike working in US (Locke, 2006, p6). Suppliers have very low power since they are competing worldwide with thousands of other suppliers. Also, firms like Nike are able to switch between suppliers quickly and cheaply, so these suppliers become dependent on these firms for survival. And, the competition among factories is really high even problems such as low wages in Indonesia, child labor in Pakistan and health and safety problems in Vietnam occurred (Locke, 2006, pp.13-16) because of the low bargaining power of supplier. Bargaining power of buyer The threat of bargaining power of buyer is low because customers do not have a lot of choices when they are choosing athletic wears. First of all, unlike other products, footwear has its own function such as an improvement of safety. Customers, especially athletes, have a need of the technology of the shoes which is the strength of large companies such as Adidas, Nike even Li-Ning. Also, the fans of sports players will use what the players use, which helps companies like Nike and Adidas build a loyalty of customers. The sales of Nike Golf products grew a lot when Tiger Woods showed an improvement in his performance (Farrell, Karels and McClatchey, 2000, p3) because customers also want to improve their performance by using Nikes products. However, though the bargaining power of buyer is low in the industry, some people are buying products of Nike because of the apotheosis of their sports heroes, which shows that a lot of customers may have a loyalty to other brand like Adidas and Li-Ning. So to attract people without brand loyalty is much easier and more important than concentrating on those with a high loyalty to their heroes. Conclusion The analysis of general environment and industrial environment can be concluded that Nike nowadays is under low threats in the industry with some problems still existing. Also, as a leading company of sportswear industry, Nike should not only focus on the development of technology and working with companies in other industries, but also keep the high quality of marketing and promotion. And, the factories Nike does outsourcing business with should be executed by direct employees from Nike because the neglecting of the problems happened in these factories will result in a loss of reputation. With the pace of globalization, there are both threats and opportunities for Nike. And to concern the environment of the industry and the world market will help Nike make strategies and develop more easily and scientifically.

International Laws Essay -- International Law

First coined by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, international law is customarily recognized as the law that regulates the affairs between sovereign states, the foremost issue of international law. Public international law only concerns itself with the issues of rights involving a number of nations, or nations and its people, or matters of other nations. It differs from private international law, which deals with dissimilarity between private individuals, natural and/or juridical, by developing from circumstances that have a noteworthy relationship to more than one nation. (Brownlee, 2008) International law contains the necessary and typical notions of law in the national legal systems – â€Å"status, property, obligation, and tort.† (Hall, 2010) According to Ian Brownlee, this also incorporates substantive law, procedure, process and remedies. (2008) International law is deep-seated with the agreement of the nation states which represents the system. There are six major essential sections of international law: international economic law, international criminal law, international environmental law, international security law, international humanitarian law (or law of war), diplomatic law and international human rights law. (Hall, 2010) However, conventional and customary laws are the primary sources of international law. Customary law and laws that are set by an international understanding have an equivalent authority just as international law. (Schmidt, 2008) Political parties may allocate a higher precedence to another source by way of agreeance. Conversely, various rules of international law are acknowledged by the international population as â€Å"authoritative, allowing no exemption from the rule.† (Brownlee, 2008) Such rules... ... multilateral agreements that govern the interactions of nations and international businesses and the nongovernmental organizations worldwide. Without such laws and organizations, many societies would end up with extremely corrupt governments and the risk of being in a continuous war with other nations would be highly probable. Works Cited Brownlee, I. (2008). Principles of public international law. Birsfelden: Oxford University Press. Hall, K. (2010). Jus gentium- law of nations. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Law, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved from http://www.law.harvard.edu/index.html Schmidt, S. (2008). What are the causes of international conflicts?. Mason: Cengage Learning Publications Un public administration programme. (2010). Retrieved from http://unpan.org/DPADM/Home/tabid/420/language/en-US/Default.aspx